PRO Tip: Alternatives to using the Figure 8 Descender as a Collection Point

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Fire Department Ranks and Structure: A Complete Guide

If you’re an aspiring firefighter, have you ever wondered what the other fire department ranks are and what are your chances of getting promoted? It’s important information to know before you apply to any department.

Across this site, you will find many guides that I have created about becoming a firefighter in the US, and the different qualifications for the job. However, many of these relate to the entry-level positions and the initial hiring process.

Once you apply to become a firefighter, there isn’t one single position to aim for. Not all roles in the fire service are the same and there is always room for progression through the different fire department ranks. But what are those fire department ranks within the service? What is the chain of command in the fire department and what roles can you aspire to beyond your work on the front line?

In this guide, I want to take you through the structure of the fire department – including both the structure and different fire department ranks. There are more ranks in major fire departments than many new recruits and outsiders may realize.

I will take you through them, from the first role after being hired to the very top position. By the end of that section, you should have a better idea of who answers to who and the roles that they have in a department.

Beyond that, I want to talk more about the opportunities for promotion between the ranks, some of the other titles that you might find in the department and a little about the salary expectations.

How Fire Departments Are Structured

To understand the way that the ranks work within a fire department, we have to look at the structure of the department itself. While there is a fairly linear hierarchy in the roles and job titles, there are branches within the department.

• Company
• Station / Unit
• Battalion
• Department

Most firefighters work on an engine, truck or rescue company that is responsible for a certain piece of apparatus and equipment from their station. Some of these will be classed as a special unit, such as the EMS unit, search and rescue unit or other disaster relief units.

These companies are assigned to fire stations and several of these stations can make up one battalion. Major cities will require more than one battalion of different stations to handle demands and high call volumes. These battalions all fall under the management of the chief of the department and the city manager.

Of course, this can all vary depending on the size of the fire department. These complex structures, with multiples companies and different battalions, apply to those cities with many different divisions and stations in a wide area.

Small scale fire departments or volunteer fire departments in small towns may only have one or two stations. Therefore, they have less need for such a complex structure and chain of command. They may not even have that many people employed to warrant that approach.

Fire Department Ranks

Typically speaking, you will see 8 different ranks in the fire service.  While not every department will have all of these ranks or be structured exactly the same; they will all have some version of these.  For example, where I work we have probationary firefighters, firefighters, lieutenants, captains, assistant chiefs and a fire chief. 

The different fire department ranks include:

• Probationary Firefighter
• Firefighter
• Driver Engineer
• Lieutenant
• Captain
• Battalion Chief
• Assistant Chief
• Fire Chief

One thing that you will notice about the structure of the fire department is how closely it matches that of the military. They have taken some of the same names for the positions of command and there is the same sense of structure and discipline.

As you can see, there are a lot of steps between your first role in the service and the very top of the ladder. So, let’s start at the very bottom rung of the ladder and work our way up.

Probationary Firefighter:

Before you can become a firefighter at your new department you have to work as a probationary firefighter. What this means is that you have a role at the station and can respond to fires and other incidents.

This is the most basic entry level rank in the fire service.  After you complete your training at the fire academy, initial screening and hiring process, including the firefighter interview, background checks and drug screening, this is where you will begin.

But, you are under probation for a fixed period (usually 1 year) as you earn all the necessary qualifications and skills to advance. While under probation, you will be required to take instruction from those above you. You may be shadowed by senior staff as you undergo your training.

A probationary role is ideal for stations and recruits. New team members get to learn with hands-on experience and get access to a range of training courses.

Those that don’t have their firefighter 1 and 2 certifications or an EMT certification may be asked to do so within a given time. It also means that stations get a new pair of hands at the station working on menial jobs as they learn.

Many offers at this entry-level post are conditional on meeting certain goals. The role may last for as little as 3-4 month or as long as 2 years before it is time for a promotion. If you fail to make the grade by this point, you could lose your position in the station.

Firefighter:

Once probation is over you can become a firefighter. This is still pretty low down in the ranks and you will take instruction on calls from commanding officers. The change in rank simply means that you have now proven you are qualified to handle the position and not continuously be watched.

This means carrying out all those basic tasks in fire suppression, hose line placement and other rescue services that probationary firefighters trained for.

There is the misconception that everyone at the station is a firefighter because this is the common term for the profession. While many at a given station are firefighters, there are many more ranks that make up a department.

Driver/Engineer:

Next is the Driver/Engineer role. Some departments will use the term apparatus operator because the term driver doesn’t really cover the full range of roles involved. Others use fire equipment operator or firefighter engineer.

This is classified as a higher level because of the additional training and skills involved. These are the team members that can operate the trucks and machinery with a greater degree of skill. They know more about the tools and tech and will carry out the necessary checks on the vehicles. If the fire engine or aerial ladder are required on the job, the engineer is the one that will use it.

Any qualified firefighter with a valid state license can drive the truck, even without a CDL (you read more about that in my other article by clicking the link), but not all crew members are authorized to handle all the equipment.

In departments where there is no driver engineer on staff to provide this service, the role will fall to one of the firefighters. However, they can only call themselves acting DE at that moment.

Lieutenant:

Whatever your main duties as a firefighter in the department, you need someone to take orders from during daily operations. There is a long line of command here before you get to the very top of the ladder.

The next position that you could get promoted to from firefighter is Lieutenant. If you aren’t familiar with the military-style terminology for these positions, then think of the lieutenant as like your supervisor.

They don’t call all the shots for your company, but they are able to relay the orders of their superior and keep the lower-level recruits in check.

Like many supervisors in other professions, many probably don’t get as much credit as they deserve. They may not be fully in charge of the engine company they work in, but they do have a lot of responsibilities when it comes to the day-to-day running of the firehouse.

They need to make sure that everyone knows their role whether they are carrying out basic tasks back at the station or working on an emergency response call. The Lieutenant is the glue holding the operations together.

Captain:

The supervisory lieutenants work beneath their captain, and in many ways, the role of the captain is very similar.

They are responsible for ensuring that everyone knows their place and their role in the daily operations of a specific area in the department. Their lieutenants work beneath them in individual companies to pass on the orders while they oversee the work of wider divisions.

There may be a dispatch captain running operations for the dispatch of apparatus and crews to incidents, an EMS captain that focuses on the emergency medical services and a training captain that focuses on the training of those new probationary firefighters.

If a captain is not available or there isn’t one currently hired, a lieutenant may take on the title of acting captain unless they are promoted to the role.

Battalion Chief:

The captain is an essential cog in the machine dispatching crews and giving out orders so that different companies can work effectively. However, they cannot do so with the Battalion Chief overseeing everything.

There is also a very important human resources side to the job of the Battalion Chief that is often underappreciated. Those of us on the outside looking in see firefighters as those heroes that are always on call to fight fires and save lives 24/7.

However, these crews still need to work in shifts and the stations must be manned by the right crew members at all times. It is the job of the Battalion chief to draw up this rotation and adjust it accordingly so that every station always has the right team members on board.

The Battalion Chief is also responsible for a lot of paperwork on incident reports, the running of the battalion and more. Finally, they are also required to help with coordination on emergency scenes when multiple companies are involved.

Captains that are promoted to Battalion Chief will quickly find that they have a lot more to deal with and a very busy workload. But, it can be a rewarding job for those with the interpersonal, managerial and administrative skills to make it work.

This is the sort of job that new hires may apply for if they have a degree in fire management and administration. They can put their qualifications to use in this role to oversee the battalion, improve the actions of the companies and improve the efficiency of the divisions.

Assistant Chief:

You might think that this is about as high as it can get if you have a chief overseeing the battalion like this. But, you would be wrong.

The very top of the ladder is reserves for the Fire Chief and they have an Assistant Chief below them. The Assistant Chief essentially provides support to the Fire Chief when dealing with all things related to the fire department.

This isn’t just about orders for battalions and the operations of a company. This is where they deal with factors that have wider implications for the department. For example, both the Fire Chief and his assistant need to have a good understanding of the budgets of the fire stations, current costs and proposed plans for improvements.

This is far above the pay grade of the Battalion Chief and essential if the whole city department is to improve its response times and success rates on jobs. This administrative role of assistant also means the chance to work on projects that might introduce new programs to the fire department.

This could be projects that benefit the health and productivity of the crews but also community outreach or training programs for improved fire education.

Fire Chief:

The Assistant Chief does all of this under the supervision and command of the Fire Chief. The chief almost gets to have the final say when it comes to matters of spending the budget, creating those programs and implementing important changes.

They have control over every element of the department and its divisions – from the fire safety services and training facilities to the operations divisions, EMS services and any specialist divisions.

I say that they almost have the final say because we have to remember the input of the city manager/mayor in all this.

A good fire chief will have a strong relationship with the city manager/mayor with effective communication on these matters. This will help them achieve their aims and secure more funds for their department.

Variations in Fire Department Ranks

Before I go on to look at some of the considerations for promotion and progression in this system, I want to mention some of the variations in the structure.

First of all, there isn’t this level of command and the same sort of responsibilities in small volunteer fire departments. Secondly, there are many fire departments across the country that use a combination approach where they employ career firefighters, paid-per-call firefighters and volunteer firefighters in the same department. These combination departments bulk up the numbers when it is difficult to hire a fully-qualified staff where everyone gets the same rate.

Volunteer firefighters will always be at the bottom because they usually don’t have the same training or professional experience. They do a wonderful job serving where necessary but don’t draw a salary.

**Also, it’s important to note that this is NOT a knock-on volunteer firefighters.  They perform a wonderful job and are usually never thanked for the work they do.  This guide is simply meant to illustrate the career differences. **

Some will progress onto paid-per-call roles where they can earn as they work but not receive a fixed salary. Volunteers that put themselves through the right training and examinations can progress onto a role as a probationary firefighter and start earning that salary.

There are also additional roles seen in fire department if they have specialist divisions or the need for other leadership ranks. Some major departments will also have a district chief, a deputy district chief, commissioner, deputy fire chief, assistant deputy fire and more. Those with a major EMS division may also bring in paramedics, firefighter/paramedics, paramedic field chiefs and ambulance commanders.

Getting Promoted Through The Different Fire Department Ranks

Promotion isn’t always on the minds of every firefighter. Some prefer the idea of working on the front-line to working behind a desk. Some volunteer firefighters like to work part-time for their community. But, others like the idea of moving up the ranks, getting into a better pay grade and working better hours.

Gaining a promotion in the fire service isn’t always easy.  There is a strict line of command here and certain expectations before you can progress up the chain. It doesn’t matter if you show exceptional skill, management skills and problems solving in your first year as a qualified firefighter.

You aren’t going to jump the queue right up to lieutenant that easily. Each role requires a fairly fixed amount of time served before there is the chance to progress to a higher level. There is also a strict process of examinations and interviews in order to get the job.

It doesn’t matter how well your superiors know you personally or how much promise they see in you. If you mess up the interview or fail the exam, then you will have to try again.

Also, don’t forget that there will be people in your rank in other companies that have more experience and will also want to fill any vacant positions that may arise.

Some candidates will rise through the ranks with greater ease because they know how to make the most of their time in each role. They understand the chain of command and the end goals, not just their current duties.

The first thing to do if you want to get ahead and prove your worth to those higher-ups is to understand every aspect of your current role and perform your duties perfectly. Show you are a quick learner, a team player and a problem solver where it counts.

Then, use your problem -solving skills to observe the department through the mind of someone in an administrative role. What would you do to improve the department and its efficiency? It is OK to make suggestions in a respectful manner. You don’t have to be a yes-man all the time.

You can also use your time in your current role to study courses in management, administration and other subjects that could help you further your career down the line.

Online courses with colleges and universities will provide official qualifications that look great on a resume. Then, when the time comes, you can bring this all together and shine when it comes to those interviews and examinations.

Salary Prospects for Different Fire Department Ranks

There is a very rough average nationally that places a firefighter’s salary at around $40,000 per year, with lieutenants earning around $55,000, captains $60,000 and fire chiefs $70,000. This big jump in pay, along with other financial benefits is a big incentive for firefighters to try for a promotion when the time comes.

Don’t forget that these figures can vary greatly between states. Some of the poorer states like Alabama and West Virginia don’t offer so much while big metropolitan departments in New York and California will pay considerably more. There may also be different jumps in pay in different departments.

Research the ranks and structure of your local department before applying.  Much of the information here is based on the national average and the general process across the US. The structure is the most common for metropolitan fire departments.

But, that doesn’t mean that your department or those in non-metropolitan areas will conform in the same manner. It could depend on the proportion of volunteers and the size of the EMS division. Variations will take place across many departments in the same state.

This means variations in pay, expectations for the job and the amount of time you have to spend in one role before you are eligible for promotion.

That is why it is important to focus on the structure of your local department. What are the prospects and different ranks in the department where you will make your living? How many firefighters are employed there and how long do you have to be a probationary firefighter or qualified firefighter before progressing further?

Engage in plenty of research for the fire department ranks ahead and construct your career plan before you even gain all your initial qualifications. Understand your potential within the department, what you want to get out of the job and how you can best achieve it.

The post Fire Department Ranks and Structure: A Complete Guide appeared first on FirefighterNOW.

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From https://catherinelee4.blogspot.com/2019/11/fire-department-ranks-and-structure.html

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A Simple Guide To The Firefighter Medical Exam

Part of becoming a firefighter is have a medical exam.  But, if you’ve ever wondered what to expect during a firefighter medical exam, you’re not along.

In this article, I want to give you a quick run-through of some of the different aspects of the physical exam in the hiring process. This can help you prepare for what is to come. I will also talk about some other expectations and medical disqualifications. Finally, I want to talk about the likelihood of ongoing physicals while working at your new fire department.

Basic Requirements of a Firefighter Medical Exam:

• Vital signs
• Vision test
• Hearing test
• Blood work
• Urinalysis
• Chest X-ray
• Pulmonary tests
• Treadmill test (stress test)
• Functional movement screening
• General medical history

Many departments will add a physical exam to their healthcare package for new employees. In most cases, it is a way to help them with their health and well-being in dangerous occupations.

Most will also use physical exam when hiring to be sure that candidates are right for the role. Firefighting is one such profession and, as you might expect, the physical is pretty extensive because of the stress and dangers of the profession.

When you apply for a role in the fire service and pass your initial application process and interviews, a medical assessment isn’t far behind. This is an essential screening measure to make sure that applicants are fit enough to proceed. The test typically consists of 10 key processes.

While different departments may have different requirements, this list gives you a good idea of what to expect.  Let’s further break down what to expect with each exam.

Vital Signs

This one is pretty straightforward. They need to know your vital signs, such as your blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen level (pulse ox) as an indication of your general fitness level. Poor results here could indicate poor physical fitness but also underlying health issues that may need medical intervention.

Physicians and department officers need to decide whether those issues could harm your performance on the job.

Another vital sign that some departments may look at is body composition. They need to know your body mass index (BMI) and will use skinfold tests for a ratio of fat to muscle. Not only does this indicate the physical fitness of a candidate at the time of hiring them, but physicians can also see improvements over the years.

Vision Test

Good vision is essential in firefighting for dealing with incidents with poor visibility or night-time work. Many departments will allow firefighters to sign up if their vision can be corrected to appropriate standards with no impairment on the job.

There can be a disqualification for those with monochromatic vision, far visual acuity that is less than 20/40 binocular vision or a peripheral vision less than 110 degrees.

Hearing Test

Recruits need to hear instructions and indications of dangers on the scene in loud, confusing situations. Therefore, the hearing test is essential.

The test is simple with a series of responses to stimuli in a soundproof room. Those that underperform at the different frequencies may struggle on-site. There are also disqualifications for conditions that could prove dangerous, such as uncorrected tinnitus, Meniere’s syndrome or labyrinthitis.

Blood Work

You will have blood taken 48 hours before the physical exam so that doctors can have the results ready. The blood work is vital in highlighting possible health risks.

Doctors can look at white and red blood cell counts as well as glucose levels. These can indicate diseases that are perhaps undetected or poorly managed. It is also a good way to test alcohol levels for substance abuse.

Urinalysis

You might think that the urinalysis is primarily for drug tests. Fire departments will have strict policies on the use of drugs – especially those in states with legalized marijuana. But, there is more to this test. The compounds and consistency of the fluid can indicate major diseases and small infections.

Chest X-Ray

A chest x-ray gives doctors an up-close look at the health of your lungs and heart. This means checking the lungs for damage or obstruction, spotting potential problems with the heart and looking at the major blood vessels. This is the perfect chance to locate something small that could end up being a ticking time-bomb.

Pulmonary Tests

It isn’t enough to see inside your lungs for visible indicators of disease. Breath tests with spirometers determine a candidate’s lung function through inhalation and exhalation. A poor rate could be dangerous in a smoke-filled room even with a mask on.

Hiring officers may not be interested in hiring those with asthma or those with any other reactive airways disease that has required bronchodilator or corticosteroid treatment for more than 2 months in the past 2 years.

Treadmill Test (Stress Test)

This one is a classic that never seems to go out of fashion. The treadmill is the perfect way for physicians to gauge the cardio and respiratory function of their new applicants. This one is as much about endurance as anything else. Can you maintain the right heart rate and performance for your age during long tasks?

Functional Movement Screening

Functional movement essentially means the way that your body can move with the range of motion of the limbs, flexibility of the joints and perhaps also the strength of the muscles. The tests involved can vary between departments, so it is best to practice a lot of exercises and get your range of motion and flexibility up to the right standard.

Flexibility is essential in the hamstring muscles, lower back, and shoulders. It helps firefighters move around dangerous areas and handle equipment with less risk of injury.

There are different ways to test this. Participants can be made to sit against a wall with their legs and knees flat. They then reach out toward their feet to see how far they can get. There are also leg raises, hurdle step-overs, deep squats and other tests.

General Medical History

Finally, the physician will want to go over your medical history and run some additional tests as needed. This is the final phase where all of the numbers, samples and red flags come together.

They will get to know your previous medical history and risks within the family. This could help them analyze the samples and results and make their recommendations. It is important to be honest at this point when answering all the questions. Failure to do so could put you and your crew at risk.

This list is a good starting point when hiring applicants. But, the NFPA has high standards and additional clauses.

The NFPA has a list of 1582 medical requirements for firefighters to make the grade. This may sound excessive, but we have to remember how physically demanding the role is.

I can’t go into full details about each of the 1582 requirements here. Just be aware that many additional disabilities and illnesses could prove to be a reason for disqualification.

For example, there are neurological conditions that would not be tested for in this physical. Any neurological condition that could affect the safety of others, concentration on the job or short-term physical ability is an issue. Anyone with epilepsy is expected to have had it under complete control for at least 5 years.

Firefighter Medical Exams Shouldn’t End There…

Ideally, your fire department should also have the funding and support to provide regular medical screenings on the job. Regular screening can help medical professional spot any signs of disease caused by the profession.

This means a more general physical examination of the body, limb function and response. But, there should also be A Simple Guide To The Firefighter Medical Exam appeared first on FirefighterNOW.

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From https://catherinelee4.blogspot.com/2019/11/a-simple-guide-to-firefighter-medical.html

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Do You Need A CDL To Drive A Firetruck?

If you’ve ever been to a parade undoubtedly, you’ve seen firefighters in their truck.  But, have you ever wondered if you need a CDL to drive a firetruck?  If you have you’re not alone.

In this guide, will explain why CDL isn’t mandatory while also discussing some other important considerations about your driving skills and training. Just because you are exempt from needing a commercial driver’s license, that doesn’t mean that you don’t need plenty of training.

So, do you need a CDL to drive a firetruck?

No, it is not necessary to have a CDL in order to drive any fire apparatus. This is because fire trucks are not classed as commercial vehicles.  Therefore, there is a federal exemption that allows firefighters to operate the various apparatus without the need for any special drivers’ licenses. Anyone that is on-call at the station to attend a fire or medical emergency can drive to the incident under their normal driver’s license.

Typically, a commercial vehicle is one that is part of a fleet, can carry more than 15 people and weighs over 26,000 pounds. This isn’t always the case with fire trucks because of their range of sizes and functions – as well as the lack of a “fleet” in some volunteer departments.

One of the minimum requirements that you will see when applying to become a firefighter in the need for a valid state driver’s license. What is interesting here is that this relates to a standard state license that you would need to drive a car.

You might look at this and wonder how you can work as a firefighter, drive a fire truck and work other pieces of apparatus without something more heavy-duty. Can you really carry out your duties as a firefighter without a CDL?

So why is there so much confusion when we read about firefighter driver’s license requirements online?

The confusion stems from some of the different state laws that affect firefighters and the requirements of individual fire departments. For example, you could apply for a role in a small department in your state and never hear about CDL training.

Or, you could find that some departments are more eager for their recruits to have a CDL and offer this as on-the-job training. Some firefighters and fire chiefs on forum swill give their opinion on the benefits of CDL training for firefighters handling large trucks instead of providing the fact – which is that it is not mandatory.

Ultimately, it all comes down to the training and expectations of the department.

These state laws and individual expectations by departments can make things confusing when applying. So, it really is best to talk to your local department about their own expectations to clear things up.

But, these local differences are understandable when you consider that each department has its own way of doing things, its own apparatus and its own crew with a certain skill set. We can’t expect a volunteer firefighters on a department with a couple of engines, a ladder and a small ambulance to only hire CDL-licensed firefighters if they don’t have to.

These engines aren’t commercial, they might not even be that big in tonnage, but they are essential for the health and safety of the community. It is better that more firefighters can work with them than less, even if that means a lack of official licensing.

So what standards are in place for driving a firetruck?

This all makes it sound like the fire service has quite relaxed rules and training requirements when it comes to handling engines and other apparatus. This isn’t the case at all.

No firefighter is going to be able to get out of their probationary period if they don’t complete their necessary equipment training. This means learning how to handle everything at the station in a properly, including the trucks.

Training will focus on the equipment, engines and other tools owned by the station. Everyone must become proficient in working with them. If the department acquires something new, everyone will undergo the training on how to use it regardless of previous experience.

Those that obtain their firefighter 1 and 2 certifications will have sufficient knowledge that eliminates the need for any additional CDL training or other licenses for operating fire apparatus.

In most fire academies there is a module that covers operating emergencies.  Those that progress with their training to become a engineer/operator, which involves more skills and safety checks of the vehicle, will expand on their knowledge accordingly.

If firefighters were to gain a CDL license independently or do so before they reach the minimum age to join, fire departments wouldn’t necessarily give them any preference points or special treatment during the firefighter interview. Quite frankly, there are more important skills to learn about the apparatus, strategies and fire suppression more generally.

A clean driving record is most important

A final point to mention here is that while specific licenses like the CDL aren’t essential, a clean driver’s license and good driving record are. It is more important to have a group of safe, responsible firefighters in the trucks with a standard state license than a couple with a CDL license that might not be so reliable behind the wheel.

It still takes a lot of skill and care to drive these things. You need to be conscious of others on the road and your crew members in the truck. You need to be able to concentrate on the road, maintain the right speed and always operate apparatus with due regard.

This may all sound like common sense to most firefighters, but you might be surprised at some of the stories of reckless and even drunk-driving in the fire service.

This is why firefighters will take the time to run a background check on your license and make sure that you have a good history. They want to know if you have any offenses for speeding, DUIs or other traffic violations.

Even something minor from your early years driving as a teen could come back to haunt you hear. A DUI could wipe out any chance of a successful application for a number of years.

You don’t need a CDL as a firefighter, but you still need the right training and skills.

In short, if you’ve been wondering whether or not you need a CDL to drive a firetruck, it isn’t mandatory. These vehicles are exempt so that more firefighters can handle them as long as they have the right fire training and driving skills to do so.

If you have a clean driver’s license in your state, strong skills on the road and the willingness to go through the appropriate training, you can drive a fire truck when you complete your firefighter training.

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From https://catherinelee4.blogspot.com/2019/11/do-you-need-cdl-to-drive-firetruck.html

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